デザイナー契約法　日本法の現状と課題
── 標識法の観点から ──

Designer Contract Law Current Status and Issues in Japanese Law
─ From the Perspective of the Law of Signs

西村 雅子
Masako Nishimura

日本知財学会誌 Vol.21 No.2 p.13-22 (2024-12-20)
Journal of Intellectual Property Association of Japan Vol.21 No.2 p.13-22 (2024-12-20)

＜要旨＞
本稿では，主に標識法の観点から，商品化のためのデザインの提供等に関する契約において，デザイナーが主張できる権利とその保護について考察する．意匠や著作権と異なり，商標は「創作」ではないのだが，実務上，意匠と同対象を商標登録できる場合もあり，商標のロゴも著作権が認められ得る創作といえる．商標の「創作」についても「職務商標」として，企業内で報奨規定を策定すべきとの見解もある．契約でデザイナー側に課される他人の知的財産を侵害していないとの保証条項があるが，商標ロゴについては登録で確認できるが，登録を要件としない著作権のクリアランスは不可能である．契約対象については，独自性があってもシンプルすぎる形状について保護が難しく，一方他人の柄のクリアランスは難しい．デザイナーの氏名に顧客吸引力があればパブリシティ権が認められるが，そのライセンシーが商標権者である場合など，権利の競合の問題が起こり得る．
<Abstract>
This article considers, mainly from the perspective of the law of signs, the rights that designers can claim and their protection in contracts relating to the provision of designs for commercialization, etc.　Unlike designs and copyright, trademarks are not ‘creations’, but in practice, it may be possible to register the same subject matter as a design and as a trademark, and a trademark logo can also be considered a creation for which copyright can be recognized.　The ‘creation’ of a trademark might also be regarded as an ‘occupational trademark’ and that incentive rules should be developed within companies.　There is a guarantee clause imposed on the designer in the contract that he or she does not infringe the intellectual property of others, but while the trademark logo can be confirmed by registration, copyright clearance is not possible.　With regard to the subject matter of the contract, protection is difficult for shapes that are too simple even if they are unique, while clearance of other people’s patterns is difficult.　Publicity rights can be recognized if the designer’s name has customer attractiveness, but problems of conflict of rights can arise, e.g. if the licensee is a trademark owner.

＜キーワード＞
デザイナー、契約、標識法、 商標の「創作」、 パブリシティ権
<Keywords>
Designers, Contracts, Law of signs, Trademark ‘creation’, Publicity rights