市民科学のグローバルな動向: 定義・用語の多義性と新たな視座
Global Trends in Citizen Science : Polysemy of Definitions and Terms, and Emerging Perspectives

小堀 洋美
Hiromi Kobori

日本知財学会誌Vol.20 No.3 p.63-67 (2024-3-20)
Journal of Intellectual Property Association of Japan Vol.20 No.3 p.63-67 (2024-3-20)

＜要旨＞
市民科学のグローバルな動向として，市民科学の定義と用語の多義性について論じた．定義については，記述的，道具的，規範的な側面について述べた．これらの定義の多義性を反映した多様な用語について述べた．また，市民科学の最近の動向として，2つの視座を取り上げた．一つ目は，コロナ禍によって，野外での活動やイベントを伴う市民科学プロジェクトの多くは世界各地で中止を余儀なくされたが，コロナ禍でも実施可能なプロジェクトの事例として，“City Nature Challenge （CNC）”を取り上げた．2020年のコロナ禍中でも世界の40か国244 都市の41万人が参加し，東京でのプロジェクトでは，コロナ禍の前と後の参加者の行動の変化を明らかにした．二つ目は，生物多様性の損失をプラスに転じ，2050年の「自然と共生する社会」への実現に向けた個人と社会の変革のための市民科学のアプローチの事例について述べた．
<Abstract>
The global trend of citizen science was discussed in terms of the definition of citizen science and the polysemy of the term.　Descriptive, instrumental, and normative aspects of the definition were described.　The variety of terms reflecting the polysemy of these definitions was described.　Also, two recent emerging perspectives on citizen science were discussed.
Firstly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many citizen science projects involving field practices around the world faced constraints or cancellation.　However, ‘City Nature Challenge（CNC）’ is an example of a project that was implemented despite the pandemic.　This project involves field observations of wildlife in cities around the world.　The 2020 CNC engaged 410,000 participants across 244 cities in 40 countries, showcasing shifts in participant behavior in Tokyo before and after pandemic restrictions.
Secondly, at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, goals were set to reverse biodiversity loss by 2030 and achieve a ‘society in harmony with nature’ by 2050.　The discourse on ‘citizen science for transformation’ is gaining momentum as a means to realize these objectives.　The discussion explores citizen science as a catalyst for individual and societal transformation essential for the needed reforms.

＜キーワード＞
定義の多義性, 用語の多義性, コロナ禍, 行動変容, 変革
<Keywords>
polysemy of definitions, polysemy of terms, COVID-19, behavior change, transformation