ワクチンへのアクセスと知的財産をめぐる国際的議論の行方
How Does the International Discussion Go About Access to Vaccines and IP?

中山 一郎
Ichiro Nakayama

日本知財学会誌Vol.20 No.1 p.20-33 (2023-9-20)
Journal of Intellectual Property Association of Japan Vol.20 No.1 p.20-33 (2023-9-20)

＜要旨＞
従来，特許と医薬品アクセスをめぐる議論の焦点は，強制実施権の当否であった．ところが，ワクチンの国際格差が問題となったCOVID-19パンデミックでは，強制実施権以上に急進的な提案が登場した．幅広い知的財産権についてTRIPS協定の履行義務を広範に免除するウェイバー提案である．ウェイバー提案は，WTOではひとまず実質的に斥けられたに等しいが，WHOへと舞台を移し，新たな論点とともに議論が続けられている．本稿では，伝統的な強制実施権をめぐる議論から，WTO閣僚決定，WHOにおける条約交渉に至るまでの国際的な議論の動向を整理し，ウェイバー提案による議論の様相の変化や，WTOからWHOへのフォーラムの変化の意味などを分析した．そして，今後の議論の行方を展望するとともに，留意点について検討した．
<Abstract>
Traditionally, international debate over patents and access to medicines has focused on whether to grant compulsory licenses.　However, in COVID-19 pandemic, when the international disparity in access to vaccines became a problem, more radical proposals appeared.　It is a waiver proposal that broadly exempts TRIPS obligations for a wide range of intellectual property rights.　The waiver proposal was substantially rejected by the WTO, but negotiations are continuing at a different forum, namely WHO, together with new issues.　This article analyzes international debate over access to vaccines and IP, from the traditional discussion on compulsory licensing to WTO ministerial decisions and treaty negotiations at WHO, and how the waiver proposal as well as different fora changed the debate.　Then, after exploring the direction of future discussions, it examined the points that should be kept in mind.

＜キーワード＞
知的財産権, 特許, TRIPS, ウェイバー, COVID-19
<Keywords>
Intellectual Property Rights, Patents, TRIPS, Waiver, COVID-19